Kemal H. Karpat. Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.
This is a very interesting study, offering many important insights into the changing ethno-religious mix of the late Ottoman Empire. It is especially valuable for its treatment of migration and the role of population movements in the formation of nation states. The seedbed of the Turkish republic, Karpat argues, was sown by the vast Muslim migrations of the post-1850 era that molded the various Islamic-Ottoman communities, including the Turks, into a new form of political organization – the national state.